List of grammatical constructions
LIST OF GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS
Below you can find the list of all of the grammatical constructions that appears in manga that are available in Mangadou – Learn Japanese with manga.
You can find the manga in the LIBRARY and in FREE SAMPLES.
under construction
PARTICLES
1. particle の DONE
2. particle の + particle よ (のよ)
3. particle の + particle は (のは)
4. particle の + particle か (のか)
5. adjective / noun + の
6. particle を
7. particle は
8. particle と
9. particle もう
10. particle か
11. particle よ
12. particle に
13. particle すら
14. particle も
15. particle が
16. particle で
17. particle だけ
18. particle しか
19. particle ぞ
20 particle ぜ
21. particle なら
22. particle から
23. particle ので
24 particle まで
25. particle な
26. particle ね
27. particle や
28. particle けど
29. particle かな
30. particle ~(な) のに
31. particle わ
32. particle へ
33. particle っけ
34. particle さ
35. adjective clause (が / の + adjective)
36. particle さえ + conditional
37. particle こそ
38. particle とか
39. particle って
40. particle や
TENSES
VERBS
1. ~て form + いる
2. past tense of verbs – simple form
3. past tense of negation of verbs (ない) – simple form
4. past tense of verbs – polite (~ました)
5. past tense of ~たい (want to do)
6. past tense of ~なければならない (must do)
I-ADJECTIVES
1. past tense of i-adjectives – simple form
A-ADJECTIVES, NOUNS N
1. ~だった
2. ~でした – past tense of ~です
COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE
1. ~ ね instead of ~ ない
2. ~ てる instead of ~ ている
3. ~ だ instead of ~ です
4. ~ っす /~ す instead of です or ます
5. ~ じゃ instead of ~ では
6. ~ じゃ instead of ~ だ
7. ~ じゃない instead of ~ ではありません
8. ~ だろ/~ だろう
9. Verb + んな/ な (negative imperative)
10. ~ やがる
11. ~ じゃう / ~ ちゃう instead of ~ てしまう
12. ~ ちゃった instead of ~ てしまった
13. ~ なきゃ
14. ~ クソ
15. ~ じゃん
CONDITIONALS AND IMPERATIVES
1. conditional clause ば
2. conditional ば + いい
3. conditional clause たら
4. conditional たら + いい
5. volitional form ~ ou
6. volitional form ~ ou + か
7. volitional form ~ ou + とする
8. volitonal form ~ ましょう
9. volitonal form ~ ましょう + か
10. imperative ~ ろ / ~ e
11. imperative ~ なさい
OTHER
1. これ、それ、あれ
2. この、その、あの
3. ここ、そこ、あそこ
4. こんな, そんな, あんな
5. こう , そう, ああ
6. でしょうか
7. です
8. ではありません
9. し
10.Verb stem + 方
11.Classifier 人
12. ~られる – passive voice
13. ~られる – potential verbs
14. ~ させる (causative)
15. が
16. ~になる
17. ~ て form
18. ~ て form + は (ては)
19. ~ てみる
20. Various ways of saying ”me”
21. Various ways of saying ”you”
22. Personal suffixes
23. の方
24. ~ ます
25. ~ ません
26. ~ ませんでした
27 ~ ません + か
28. … というのは …
29. という + N
30. ということ
31. ~ ても
32. ~ てもいい
33. ~ ていただけませんか
34. ~ と
35. phrase + ものです
36. というものだ
37. Verb + ものでした
38. A を B にする
39. にする
40. ~ たい / ~ たいとおもいます
41. ~ が
42. ~ て
43. ~ ない (negation)
44. Negation of adjectives (simple form)
45. Phrase + ほど
46. わけではない
47. わけにはいかない
48. NNがある / Nがいる
49. て form + しまう
50. んです / のです / なんです / なのです
51. N + のこと
52. Clothes
53. かもしれない
54. Adverb
55. なければなりません
56. imperative ~ ねばらない
57. ~ と + だめ/いけない/ならない
58. てはいけない
59. Verb + こと
60. として
61. ~ らしい
62. ~ よう
63. ~ そう
64. N (smell, sound, taste) + がする
65. ~ N + が
66. ~ たち
67. ~ ながら
68. ~ ながらも
69. Verb + ずに
70. ~ まま
71. やりもらい
72. Verb + に
73. Verb + に
74. ~ かしら
75. ができる
76. とうり / どうり
77. ~ そうにない
78. Verb stem +
79. でよかった
80. ~
81. のことだから
82. Past tense in simple form + ところ
83. Past tense in simple form + ところで
84. ~ べき
85. ~
86. 何も誰も / も with question words
87. 何でも誰でも / でも with question words
88. 何か誰か / か with question words
89. てさせていただきます
90. ~ていく
91. N +
92. N +
93. N + だらけ
94. お + stem + する (polite) / お + verb stem + します
95. ~ て form + よかった
96. Verb / N+だけ+で
97. ~ のは
98. ~ て form + ある
99. ~ ことがある
100. ~ より
101. Qualifying nouns with verbs and adjectives
102. number + counter + に + number +
103. ~ ため
104. ~ たり
105. ~ さ (from i – adjectives)
106. Verb stem + な
107. ~ やら
108. ~ にくい
109. なんて
110. ~ すぎる
111. に対して
112.
113. ~
114. ~がる
115. ~ておく
116. Stem of a verb at the end of a sentence
117. である
118. あり・なし
119. N + みたい
120. Verb + みたい
121. Quantity question word + も + verb
122. N +
123. ~ く instead od ~ くて
124. ~ っぽい
125. ~ ってば / ~ てば
126. ~ わけだ
127. ~ わけだから
PARTICLES
1. particle の
~ particle の
Particle の is a possesive particle.
My room.
His cat.
Particle の connects 2 nouns, where the second noun provides main idea and the first makes it more specific.
Student of Japanese Studies.
Particle の is used with location words, like ‘’before’’, ‘’inside’’, ‘’beetwen’’.
N + particle の + location word
There is a shop between the buildings (in between the buildings there is a shop).
Particle の is used with time words, like ‘’before’’, ”after”, beetwen”.
N + Particle の + time word
2
After 2 o’clock I am free.
Particle の can be used to bring to nouns together in order to show a relationship beetwen them.
This is my friend Maria.
Particle の is used to describe things like nature, state, type or quantity of a noun.
5
I’ll get on the 5 o’clock train.
I will meet with a sick person.
の +
~particle の +
Particle の +
He is one of my friends.
これは
This is one of my cups.
~ particle の
Particle の at the end of the sentence can have explanatory tone.
nouns, na-adjectives + なの
verbs, i-adjectives + の
WiFiはつながらないの。
WiFi isn’t working.
~ (な) の is a question particle.
nouns, na-adjectives + なの
verbs, i-adjectives + の
どこにいるの?
Where are you?
Do you have work tomorrow?
2. particle の + particle よ (のよ)
~ (な) のよ~
nouns, na-adjectives + なの
verbs, i-adjectives + の
(な) のよ at the end of the sentence has the same meaning as よ.
This way of speaking is used mostly by women and girls (similarly to ~だわ and ~かしら).
To express state of being, when the 「の」 particle is used to convey this explanatory tone, we need to add 「な」 to distinguish it from the 「の」 particle that simply means “of”.
ジムのだ。- It is of Jim. (It is Jim’s.)
ジムなのだ。- It is Jim (with explanatory tone).
3. particle の + particle は (のは)
~ のは … ~ だ
<Situation> のは <person or circumstances that has something in common with the situation>
Mr Tanaka was the one who explained me everything.
4. particle の + particle か (のか)
~ (な) + のか
Phrase + のか structure indicatese surprise that situation is different that expected.
なんだ、ウェイトレスの
What, so she was a waitress? I though she is was a boss of a company.
~ (な) + のか structure indicates indirect question.
この
Please tell me to whom should I give this documents.
あの
I don’t know whether he is a good person or a bad person.
5. adjective / verb + の
adjective / verb+ の
In case it is clear what are you referring to, it is possible to replace the noun with the pronoun の. In such cases, の can be translated as “the one”.
There were cheap watches in the shop, but there weren’t good watches.
There were cheap watches in the shop, but there weren’t any good ones.
6. particle を
~ particle を
Particle を marks an object (thing or things that are directly involved in or affected by situation) in sentence.
I am studying Japanese every day.
クラシック
I listen to classical music.
7. particle は
~ particle は
Particle は indicates main topic of the sentence. It has similar meaning to “as for…” in English.
He is studying Japanese.
(As for him, he is studying Japanese.)
8. particle と
~ particle と
Particle と is a conditional particle. It expresses natural cause and effect (if that happens, then… ).
When winter comes, it becomes cold.
Particle と means ”and”. It is being used to connect nouns.
Yesterday I bought pen and rubber in the shop.
Particle と means ”with/together with”.
I went to Japan with a friend.
Particle と is a quotation particle.
My name is Adam.
She told “today I’m free”.
9. particle もう
~ particle もう
Particle もう means ”already”.
I have already graduated from university.
10. particle か
~ particle か
Particle か is a question marker.
あなたは
How old are you?
Particle “か” after question word means “some”.
いつか
I will go to Japan someday.
Did you remember something?
Did somebody go with you?
11. particle よ
~ particle よ
Particle よ is an emphatic particle.
I understand that!
12. particle に
~ particle に
Particle に creates adverbs from na-adjectives.
きれい(な) – beautiful
きれいに – beautifully
Particle に indicates location.
い… いつからそこにいた?
Since… since when were you there?
Particle に indicates a movement direction.
I will go to the park tomorrow.
Particle に specifies the target of a verb.
He gave flower to girl.
I explained everything to (my) friend.
Particle に indicates time.
What time are you waking up every morning?
Particle に indicates a goal. It has the same meaning as のために – for somebody for something.
I prepared a cake for mum.
Particle に indicates a source or agent.
Japanese teacher explained me how to use kanji.
13. Particle すら
Particle すら means ”even” and we use it to express surprise (surprise created for example by the fact that somebody might not know something obvious).
She cannot write even with hiragana.
I cannot even imagine that.
14. Particle も
~ particle も
Particle も means ”also”, “in addition”.
アシャもカシャも
Asha and Kasha as well were studying with me.
これも
This also is my pen.
Particle も emphasizes the word which comes before it.
フランス
I can’t speak even a word of French
It has already been 3 years since you graduated?
15. particle が
~ particle が
~ particle が+ verb in past tense in simple form
done, made, created by …
アシャはケーキを
Asha prepared a cake –> this is a cake that Asha prepared
Particle が indicates the subject of a sentence in case the subject is emphasized or if it is a new information to the listener. Very often it responds to questions like
Who went to Japan?
マリアが
Maria went to Japan.
Particle が means “but”.
パーティーに
I would like to go to a party but I need to study.
Particle が means “but”. Japanese often finish the sentences with が in order to add a layer of indirectness. This structure is very often being used in requests.
I have a request…
すみませんが…
Excuse me, but… (for example: could you help me? Could you move out of my way)
16. particle で
~ particle で
Particle で indicates the place of an event or an action.
Every day I am studying in the library.
Particle で indicates a method, means or instrument.
テストをペンで
Please write the test with pen.
Particle で indicates total amount, quantity or time.
In total it is 1000 yen.
Particle で indicates the amount of time or effort required to do something.
バスで
You will be able go to Berlin within one day.
I don’t know how much am I able to earn within one year.
Particle で indicates cause or reason (cause or reason must be an uncontrollable) .
I didn’t go to party because I was sick.
Particle で to indicates scope and can be translated as “in”, “within”, “among”.
これ
That’s the best udon in the word.
17. particle だけ
~ particle だけ
Particle だけ means ”only”.
I was studying only one hour yesterday.
18. particle しか
~ particle しか
Particle しか means ”only”. It is followed by verb in its negative form.
I was studying only one hour yesterday.
19. particle ぞ
~ particle ぞ
Particle ぞ is a final particle that adds emphasis and force to the sentence. Used only in colloquial speech, mostly by men. It is being used mostly to declare an intent towards other person (for example when threatening somebody).
I will kill you!
20. particle ぜ
~ particle ぜ
Particle ぜ is a final particle that adds emphasis and force to the sentence. Used only in colloquial speech, mostly by men. It is being used mostly when speaking to oneself or to friends.
I will do it.
21. particle なら
~ なら
~ なら marks a conditional clause that has roughly the same meaning as “if… then”.
”Noun A なら predicate B” indicates that predicate B applies only to A.
Usually it shows contrast or limitation.
If it is you, there is no doubt you will pass!
ひらがななら
I can write in hiragana (if it is hiragana, I can write) but I cannot write in kanji.
If it is neccessary, I will do it.
22.particle から
~ particle から
Particle から means “from”. We use it to determine the time frame or the distance.
I am jogging every morning from 6 AM.
ワルシャワからクラクフまでいくらかかりますか。
How long does it take to go from Warsaw to Cracow?
I received money from parents.
~ particle から
Particle から indicates the reason.
I wasn’t able to protect her. (Because) I was scared.
23. particle ので
~ particle ので
Particle ので indicates the reason. It sounds a bit more formal than particle から.
Because I had a lot of things to do I didn’t go to party.
24. particle まで
~ particle まで
Particle まで means “to, till, until”. We use it when we want to determine time frame or distance.
I am jogging every morning till 9AM.
ワルシャワからクラクフまでいくらかかりますか。
How long does it take to go from Warsaw to Cracow?
25. particle な
~ particle な
Particle な is an ending particle used in informal speech. It can replace particle ね when a person
seeks explanation or wants to reduce the definitiveness of a statement and indicate that a response is not necessary. People often use it when they speak to themselves.
It was fun yesterday…
26. particle ね
~ particle ね
Final particle ね indicates request of confirmation or put emphasis on the statement. In English we can say for example “isn’t it”, “aren’t you”, “right”, “you know..” Particle ね is also often used by parents, when they are teaching kids children something new, or explaining them some rules.
You know that tigers…
Particle ね is used to politely confirm the other person’s comment.
そうですね。。
Right, that’s how it is…
Final particle ね after commands and requests softens tone of the voice.
Please visit me when you have time, OK?
Final particle ね adds more emphasis to the statement.
これは
That sure is interesting.
Final particle ね put emphasis on the statement and indicates that we are talking about experience / result that influenced other person.
よかった – I’m glad (for example that everything is alright).
よかったね – It was/ is good for you.
27. particle や
~ particle や
Particle や, just like particle と is used to list nouns. However, particle や at the same time indicates that there are also other things that was not listed.
There were different kinds of rubbish at home, such as paper or gum.
28. particle けど
~ particle けど
Particle けど means “but” (used only in informal speech).
Verb / i – adjective + けど
N / na – adjective + だけど
He is not handsome but he is extremely intelligent.
Today I’m busy but tomorrow I have time.
He is an idiot but a he is a very kind person.
29. particle かな
~ かな
~ かな at the end of the sententence roughly can be translated as “is it?”, “I wonder…”.
どこにあったかな …
I wonder where did I put that…
これは
Is it really true… ?
30.particle ~(な) のに
~ particle (な)のに
~(な)のに construction indicates an adversative (although).
N, na-adj + なのに
V, i-adj + のに
たくさん
I didn’t pass although I was studying a lot.
31. particle わ
~ particle わ
Particle わ indicates admiration or emotion.
This particle is being used mostly by women, however in some dialects it is being used also by men (for example in Osaka).
お
I will take a bath.
32. particle へ
~ particle へ
Particle へ indicates direction or goal.
I’m going to Japan.
In some cases particle へ can also have the meaning “for”.
Present for the teacher (present which is directed to the teacher).
おかあさんへ
To mum.
This is a way of beginning a letter. In English we would use words “Dear mum”.
33. ~ particle っけ
Particle っけ to indicates that the speaker is trying to remember something.
What was his name again?
34. particle さ
~ particle さ
Particle さ is used only in colloquial speech. Japanese sometimes put さ in almost every sentence (similarly to “like” or “you know” in English). In many cases it indicates assertion (similarly to particle よ), for example:
そんなに
You don’t need to be worrying like that.
but very often people use it to give themselves a moment to gather thoughts or try to catch attention from the listener.
でもさ、
But… I…don’t worry about it at all.
35. Adjective clause (が / の + adjective)
Adjective clause
が / の + adjective / verb is an adjective clause.
A man whose eyes are big.
あなたが
As (the way) you say.
Picture that was drew by him.
36. particle さえ
~ さえ… ~ ば/~ たら…
~ particle さえ + conditional ~ ば/~ たら can be translated as “if only…. then…”
あなたさえそばにいてくれれば、
I could be happy just by you being by my side.
If I only knew what question will appear in tomorrow’s exam…
37. particle こそ
~ particle こそ
Particle こそ emphasizes the word it comes after.
A.
A. I am looking forward to working with you.
B. こちらこそ
B. I am also looking forward to working with you. (I am the one, who is looking forward to it.)
This time I will pass. (This time is this moment when I pass an exam.)
38. particle とか
~ particle とか
Particle とか can be translated as “something like… “, “among othe things”.
Verb in simple form + とか + Verb in simple form + (とか)
Noun + とか + Noun + (とか)
いつもバイトとか、
I am always very busy with part – time job or school (or other things).
33. particle って
~ particle って
~ って is a colloquial quotation particle.
もうお
I have already told you that I don’t have money.
We can write って also as て.
34. ~ particle や
Ending particle や indictes affirmation or emphasis. It is used only in colloquial speech, mostly in Kansai dialect.
あたらしいパソコン、
Buy me a new computer!
TENSES
VERBS
1. ~て form + いる
~ ている
~ てform + いる describes what a person does by occupation or by habit.
I am studying Japanese every day.
I teach Japanese. / I’m teaching Japanese (right now).
~ て form + いる is similar to Present Continuous tense. We use it when we are talking about activities we are doing at the moment, for some time or regularly.
I am jogging right now.
I am studying Japanese every day.
~ て form + いる indicates a result of change.
My friend went to Japan (she went and is still there).
Light is switched off (somebody switched if off and it is still being switched off).
Other common examples:
やせる → やせている – to be slim (he/she got slim and is slim now)
In informal language very often い is omitted from ている.
I am studying Japanese.
2. past tense of verbs ーsimple form
Past tense in simple form
In past tense in simple form ~ぬ at the end of a verb becomes ~んだ.
She died yesterday.
In past tense in simple form ~す at the end of a verb becomes ~した.
I talked with my mum.
In past tense in simple form ~く at the end of a verb becomes ~いた.
I wrote an essay.
In past tense in simple form ~ぐ at the end of a verb becomes ~いだ.
I wrote an essay.
In past tense in simple form ~う at the end of u-verbs (consonant – stem verbs) becomes ~った.
I bought sushi.
In past tense in simple form ~する at the end of the verb becomes ~した.
He studied Japanese.
In past tense in simple form ~る at the end of ru-verbs (of vowel – stem verbs) becomes ~た.
I am studying two hours per day.
I was studying for two hours today.
In most of cases (vowel – stem verbs) in past tense in simple form ~る at the end of the verb becomes ~た, however in case of some verbs (consonant – stem verbs) ~る becomes ~った.
I run fast.
I quickly run home.
In past tense in simple form する becomes した (this is an exception).
ビックリする – to surprise, to be surprised
すごくビックリした!
I was really surprised!
In past tense in simple form くる (to come) becomes きた (this is an exception).
He came to the party.
3. past tense of negation of verbs (ない) – simple form
In order to create past tense tense of negation (in simple form) we change final い of a verb into かった.
I don’t eat sushi.
I didn’t eat sushi.
4. past tense of verbs – polite (~ました)
Past tense of verbs (polite form)
In order to create past tense of a verb in polite form, we need to change ます into ました.
I am at home.
I was at home.
5. past tense of ~たい (want to do)
In past tense of ~ たい form (want to do), ~ い at the end of the word becomes ~かった.
パーティに
I want to go to the party.
パーティに
I wanted to go to the party but I didn’t have time.
6. past tense of ~なければならない (must do)
Past tense of ~なければならない / ~ なきゃいけない
Past tense form of ~ なければならない or ~ てはいけない is created in the same way as past tense form of adjectives, i.e. by changing the final い into かった.
I had to clean my room yesterday.
I-ADJECTIVES
1. past tense of i-adjectives – simple form
~ かった
In past tense in simple form of i-adjectives ~い at the end of the word becomes ~かった.
I had fun yesterday.
NA-ADJECTIVES, NOUNS
1. ~だった
~ だった – past tense
~ だった is a past tense form of だ – simple form of です (past tense of です= でした). Roughly it can be translated as “was “.
ごめん、これは
I am sorry, it was my mistake.
2. ~でした – past tense of ~です
~ でした
~ でした is a past tense of ~ です.
すみません、これは
I am sorry, it is my mistake.
すみません、これは
I am sorry, it was my mistake.
COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE
1. ~ ね instead of ~ ない
~ ねえ / ~ ねぇ / ~ ね
~ ねえ or ~ ねぇ is a very colloquial form of ない . This form is being created by changing 「ない」 at the end of an adjective or verb in negative form into 「ね」.
This way of speaking is used only in colloquial speech, mostly by men.
Examples:
しらない → しらね (I don’t know )
つまらない → つまらね (boring)
Damn, so boring recently!
どうしてまだ
Why are you asking me again? I have already told you that I don’t know!
I don’t eat sushi.
お
You’re not my friends.
2. ~ てる instead of ~ ている
In informal language very often we skip ~ い from ~ ている.
I am walking in the park.
3. ~ だ instead of ~ です
~ だ
だ is an informal / short form of です。Roughly it can be translated as ”it is”. In colloquial speech, it very often goes together with よ.
これはいい
This is a good song.
4. ~ っす /~ す instead of です or ます.
~ っす /~ す
っす / す is contraction of です and ます. It is a lazy polite form – used when a speaker doesn’t bother to use proper form. However young speakers sometimes use it in places where です or ます would be gramatically incorrect.
I’m happy!
こんばんは → こんばんはす
Good Evening.
5. ~ じゃ instead of ~ では
~ じゃ
~ じゃ is a less formal way of saying ~ では.
I am not Japanese.
6. ~ じゃ instead of ~ だ
In some dialects in colloquial speech じゃ is used instead of だ.
これは
This is mine.
7. ~ じゃない
~ じゃない
~ じゃない is a colloquial form of ~ ではありません.
~ ではありません is a negative form of the copula だ / です which roughly translates to “is not, are not”.
I am not Japanese.
これは
This is not mine.
8. ~ だろ/~ だろう
~ だろう / ~ だろ/
~ だろ/~ だろう is colloquial form of でしょう.
~ だろ/~ だろう is what we call a ”question tag”.
You learnt everything yesterday, didn’t you?
だろう indicates uncertainty. It can be translated for example as: seems, I guess, I wonder.
どうして
Why am I here??
Is it really the case?
~ でしょ
でしょう・でしょ・だろう・だろ indicates certainty (speaker thinks so and is actively asking for confirmation).
You learnt everything yesterday, didn’t you?
9. んな/ な (negative imperative)
Verb + な
Verb in simple form + な means “don’t do”
This construction is very colloquial and usually impolite.
これを
Don’t eat that!
Don’t come!
~んな has the same meaning as ~るな (る becomes ん). This way of speaking is more rude.
これを
Don’t eat that!
No violence!
10. ~ やがる
~ やがる
~ やがる is a colloquial, even vulgar form. Very often it expresses disgust by someone’s behaviour.
あいつはこんな ドアをまた
This fucker left the door open again…
What the fuck are you doing?
11. ~ じゃう / ~ ちゃう instead of ~ てしまう
~ じゃう / ~ ちゃう is a colloquial form of ~ てしまう.
~て form + しまう
~て form + しまう – to do something by accident (undesirable effect), to finish completely
(
He will eat all the sweets.
~ちゃう
じゃう / ちゃう is a colloquial form of しまう.
~てしまう becomes ~ちゃう , ~でしまう becomes じゃう.
(
He will eat all the sweets.
12. ~ ちゃった instead of ~ てしまった
~ ちゃった
~ ちゃった is a colloquial form of ~ てしまった
もしかして
Did we… get lost?
13. ~ なきゃ
~ なきゃ
~ なきゃ is a colloquial form ~ なければなりません, which means “must do”.
There is a test tomorrow. I must study!
In order to create なけれべなりません form we need to change a verb into negative form, remove い and add ければならなりません.
14 .~ クソ
クソ – shit, very, extremely
~ クソ
In colloquial japanese prefix ~ クソ can be used as intensifier.
クソ
かわいい – cute
くそかわ – very cute (same meaning as すごくかわいい)
15. ~ じゃん
~ じゃん
~じゃん a creates a question tag. It is similar to isn’t it / doesn’t it / right in English. Used only in colloquial speech.
いいじゃん – it’s ok (isn’t it)?
すごいじゃん – amazing (isn’t it)?
CONDITIONALS AND IMPERATIVES
1. conditional clause ~ば
~ば
~ば creates a conditional clause (if… then… ).
In case of verbs in negative form and i-adjectives, final ~い is being changed into ~ければ.
おいしい – tasty
おいしければ、
If it is tasty, I also want to eat that!
If you don’t take medicine, you will not become healthy.
In case of vowel-stem verbs る at the end of the verb becomes れば.
In case of consonant-stem verbs ~u at the end of the verb becomes ~eba.
ルールが
It is simple if you know the rules.
If I only had a driving license…
To hear her speak, you’d think that (she) is very interesting.
2. conditional ば + いい
Conditional ば + いい construction roughly can be translated as “it would be good to”, “it would be good if “, “should”.
どうすればいいですか。
What should I do now?
It would be good if whether was nice tomorrow…
Conditional form ば + よかった means “should have “, “it would have been better if “.
I should have gotten married when I was young.
3. conditional clause たら
~たら
~たら creates a conditional clause (if… then… ).
Casual form of past tense of a verb + ら
I was practicing every day.
If you practice every day, you will become good very soon.
4. たら+ いい
Conditional form たら + いい construction roughly can be translated as “it would be good to”, “it would be good if “, “I hope”, “should”.
どうしたらいいですか。
What should I do now?
5. Volitional form ~ ou
~ ou
~ ou at the end of the word creates a volitional form (”let’s do it”). Sometimes used when speaking to oneself.
Let’s drink together.
To create a volitional from する, する becomes しよう.
6. Volitional form ~ ou + か
~ ou + か
Volitional form + particle か construction is used in order to offer assistance or give an offer (shall we do it?).
Shall we drink together?
Shall I help you?
7. ~ ou + とする
~ ou + とする
Volitional form ~ ou + とする means “to be about to”, “to try”.
I tried to enter the University of Tokyo but I failed.
お
When I was about to take a bath, phone rang.
8. Volitional form ~ ましょう
~ ましょう
~ ましょう is an imperative – polite volitional form (let’s do it).
stem of a verb + ましょう
Let’s drink beer together!
~ ましょう can be used also for advices / suggestions.
Why don’t you ask the teacher?
9. Volitional form ~ ましょう + か
~ ましょうか
~ ましょうか form is used in order to offer assistance.
Shall I help you?
10. Imperative ~ ろ / ~ e
~ ろ / ~ e
~ ろ or ~ e at the end of the word creates imperative. It is a command in colloquial form.
In case of ru-verbs final ~ る is being changed into ~ ろ.
やめる- to stop
やめる – やめろ! – stop (that)!
In case of u-verbs final ~u is being changed into ~ e.
する and くる are exceptions
する → しろ
くる → こい
11. Imperative ~ なさい
~ なさい
~ なさい is a suffix that you attach to the stem of a verb to create imperative form of the verb. It indicates a command or an order (but not a request). It is very often being used by parents or other authority figures.
Stem of a verb + ~なさい
Wait!
12. Imperative ねばらない
~ ねばらない form means ”have to”, ”must do”
I have to go.
OTHER
1. これ、それ、あれ
これ / それ / あれ
”これ”、”それ” and “あれ” mean ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away).
これは
This is my cat.
あれは
What is that (thing far away)?
Similarly “この”、”その”、”あの” mean ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away) and “ここ”、”そこ” and “あそこ” mean “here”, “there” and “there” (far away) .
2. この、その、あの
この – this
この / その / あの + N
“この”、”その”、”あの” mean ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away). They are always followed by a noun.
あの
Who is that person?
この
There is a cat on this table.
Similarly “ここ”、”そこ” and “あそこ” mean ”here”, ”there” and ”there (far away)” and “こんな”、”そんな” and “あんな” mean “like this”, “like that” and “like that”.
3. ここ、そこ、あそこ
ここ/そこ/ あそこ
“ここ”、”そこ”、”あそこ” mean ”here”, ”there”, ”there (far away)”. We can compare them to “これ”、”それ”、”あれ” which mean ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away).
すみません、
Excuse me, where is the library? It is there.
I am living here.
Similarly “この”、”その”、”あの” forms mean ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away) and “こんな”、”そんな” and “あんな” mean (like this, like that, like that).
4. こんな, そんな, あんな
こんな / そんな / あんな
“こんな/そんな/あんな” means ”such”.
こんな usually describes things/events which are close or ideas/opinions expressed or seen by the speaker.
そんな usually describes things/events that are further or ideas/opinions expressed or understood by the listener.
あんな usually describes things/events that are far away or ideas/opinions both speaker and listener are not very familiar with.
そんな
If you do such thing, you will be killed!
そんなに
Was it that stinky? (Why did it stink in that way).
Similarly “この”、”その”、”あの” forms mean ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away) and “ここ”、”そこ” and “あそこ” mean ”here”, ”there” and ”there (far away)”.
5. こう / そう / ああ
こう, そう and ああ means “like this”, “like that”, “like that”
そう
Don’t think like that please!
Similarly “この”、”その”、”あの” forms means ”this”, ”that” and ”that” (far away) and “ここ”、”そこ” and “あそこ” means ”here”, ”there” and ”there (far away)”.
6. ~ でしょうか
In polite speech でしょうか has the same meaning as ですか ( でしょうか is more polite).
これは
What is that?
7. です
~ です
~ です is polite ending of a sentence. It roughly has the same meaning as “is” or “it is”.
I am Maria.
8. ~ ではありません is a negation of です, which roughly translates to “is not, are not”.
I am not Japanese.
これは
This is not mine.
Past tense of ~ ではありません is ~ ではありませんでした.
これは
This was not mine.
9. し
~ し
~ し form implies that the fact stated was not the only fact.
Today is raining so I don’t want to go on a trip.
This girl is cute and she has a good character. I would like her to be my girlfriend.
10. Verb stem + 方
~
~
stem of a verb + ~
11. Classifier 人
Classifier
I am living alone
I have three siblings
12.~られる – passive voice
~られる / ~れる
Passive voice
~られる or ~れる at the end of a verb indicates a passive voice.
In case of ru-verbs (consonant-stem verbs) る becomes られる.
In case of u-verbs (vowel-stem verbs) れる is added to a-vowel equivalent of the last letter of verb.
みんなに
I am told by everybody that I’m stupid.
Exceptions:
する becomes される
くる becomes こられる
I think she will be punished.
ボートルはプラスチックから
Bottles are made from plastic.
13. ~られる – potential verbs
Potential form of verbs
To create a potential form, in case of ru-verbs る is changed into られる .
Can foreigners eat nattou?
To create a potential form, in case of u-verbs ~ u at the end of the word is changed into ~ eru.
Can you speak Japanese?
In spoken language Japanese sometimes in case of ru-verbs change る into れる. It may sound natural, however gramatically this is is mistake.
Exceptions
する → できる
くる → こられる
I cannot drive a car.
14. ~ させる (causative)
~ させる
~ させる form is a causative (to make/let somebody do something)
vowel – stem verbs
させる is added to stem of a verb (
consonant -stem verbs
させる is added to a-vowel equivalent of the last letter of verb (
する becomes させる.
I made my daughter eat dinner.
I had my computer fixed.
15. が
N+が
N+が
私の
Mount Fuji is visible from the window of my room.
16. ~になる
Adjective / Noun + なる
~ なる means ”to become” and it indicates a change in the state.
If you practice every day, you will become good very soon.
Next year I will turn 24 years old.
In case of i-adjectives final い becomes くなる。
Japanese classes got interesting.
In case of na-adjectives な becomes になる。
If you practice every day, you will become good very soon.
In case of nouns になる follows a noun.
N + となる
~ となる means ”to become” and it indicates a change in the state.
I will become God of the new world.
17. ~ て form
~ て form
~ て form can be used to chain words and phrases together.
In case of i-adjectives we create ~て form by changing final い into くて.
じゃない -> じゃなくて
He is Japanese and a good person.
I am not a lawyer, I am a doctor.m can be used to chain n
~て form can be used to chain nouns and adjectives together
~て form indicates sequence of events (this happens and then that happens).
I wake up in the morning, eat breakfast and go to school.
~ て form indicates cause or reason.
お
I don’t have money so I cannot go to Japan.
~ て form can be used to make requests or to issue a light command.
ちょっと
Wait a moment!
~て form +
~ て form +
Please turn right.
~ ないで
verb in negative simple form + でください
Please, don’t kill me.
~ て form at the end of the sentence indicates that the person would like to say something more or have something more in mind
I had good intentions…(but I just hurt them)
formations
To create a ~て form from a ru-verb (vowel–stem verb) we need to change the final ~る into ~て.
ここに
You can sleep here.
To create a ~て form of an (i-)adjective we must change the final い into くて.
She is pretty and she is a good person.
To chain nouns or noun phrases (nominal phrases) we add ~ で instead.
She is Japanese.
She is Japanese and 20 years old.
18. ~ ては
~ て form + は (ては)
て form + は (ては) can have the same meaning as たらいい and indicates advice, suggestion.
I think you should ask the teacher.
19. てみる
~ て form + みる
~ て form + みる construction is used to indicate that somebody tries to do something.
Try doing it yourself.
20. Various ways of saying ”me”
あたし – colloquial form used stereotypically by young women and girls
おれ – very colloquial form used only by men
21. Various ways of saying “you”
あなた – neutral, used both for women and men
お
あんた – very informal and often rude
Offensive ways of saying “you”
22. personal suffixes
~さん
honorable suffix
~
honorable suffix, more polite than ~さん
~ちゃん
suffix used usually towards girls or little boys (casual)
~
suffix used towards boys (casual)
~
used towards teachers, doctors and lawyers (polite)
~
used towards older students or more experienced coworkers (polite)
23. の
V +
V +
A. どれにしますか。
Which one will you take?
B. じゃ、
Well, the small one please.
When I was a child, I had rather good marks (I wasn’t a child that had bad marks).
あなたの
You are the one who should apologize.
24. ます
~ ます form is a polite form of verbs.
stem of a verb + ます
Tomorrow I will go to school.
25. ~ ません
~ ません is a negation of verbs (polite language). This a negative form of ~ ます
Tomorrow I will not go to school.
26. ~ ませんでした
~ ませんでした is a past tense of verbs (polite language)
Yesterday I didn’t go to school.
27 ~ ません + か
~ ません (present tense negative verb) + か (question particle) indicates an offer, invitation.
Would you like to drink beer with me (literally” won’t you drink beer with me?)
28. … というのは …
というのは roughly can be translated as “means that”, “that is to say” ….
Phrase/sentence + というのは + reason/explanation/definition
It is true that she was crying whole day.
29. という + N
という is used to state the facts that describe the noun that follows it. It is often used for things like rules, states of being, opinions, information.
Everybody knows the fact that smoking is bad for health.
I got an information that my younger sister has failed Japanese Language Proficiency Test.
30. ということ
Phrase + ということ “thing that… /situation like that”. This structure changes a phrase into a noun.
I realised (the fact that) she lied.
31. ~ ても
~ て form + も can be translated as “even if”, “even though”.
テレビを
I can’t focus even if I turn off the TV.
32. てもいい
~ てform + もいい/ ても
~ てform + もいい/ ても
テストを
Can I write the test with a pencil?
33. ていただけませんか
~ てform + いただけませんか
~ てform + いただけませんか roughly can be translated as “could you please”. This is a very polite way of asking for a favor.
Could you please open the window?
34.phrase + ~ と
(I, he, she, they) think that
~ と
In Japan everyone was thinking I was American.
35. phrase + ものです
ものだ expresses something as a common sense, very often used in commands.
We must obey the law.
ものだ
ものだ indicates deep emotions.
I really would like to study abroad.
ものだ is used to talk about things that are happening naturally and at the same time in some way are emotional for the speaker (“I truly believe it is like that). Very often it is being used to give impressions, criticisms, or conclusive remarks about some issue. というものだ sounds softer, milder, or more indirect than というもの.
Infants are crying.
この
This city became more beautiful than it was in the past.
36. というものだ
というものだ is used to talk about things that happens naturally and at the same time in some way are emotional for the speaker (“I truly believe it is like that”). Very often it is being used to give impressions, criticisms, or conclusive remarks about some issue.
phrase + というものだ
夜中に
It is rude to call at midnight.
37 Verb + ものでした
Verb + ものでした
Verb + ものでした is used to talk about things that was happening to a speaker in the past and was emotional for him.
When he was young, he was often quarrelling with people around.
38. AをBにする – Turn A into B
AをBにする
AをBにする roughly can be translated as “to turn A into B” or “to make A to be B”and it indicates a change of state.
I made a pillow from book and slept.
I will make her happy.
39. ~ にする
~ にする means “to decide to…”
I decided to sell my computer.
40. たい - want to do
~ たい
~ たい at the end of a verb indicates that a person wants to do something.
stem of a verb + たい
I want to go to Japan.
~ たい / ~ たいと
~ たい or たいと
stem of a verb + たい/ たいと
I want to go to Japan.
~ たいと
I would like to go to Japan.
To make a negation of たい form we change い at the end of a verb into くない
I don’t want to go to Japan.
I don’t want to eat sushi
~したくなる
~したくなる means “to start wanting to –”.
In order to create this form, we change い into くなる。
そのおいしそうな
When I saw this tasty looking sushi, I started to want to eat sushi.
Similarly ~ になる means ”to become” and it indicates change of the state.
If you practice every day, you will become good very soon
41. ~ が
N + が
N + が
I want money.
お
I don’t really want money that much.
42. ~ て
て form +
We use て form +
I want you to understand my feelings.
I want him to sing this song.
43. ~ ない (negation)
~ ない
Verb ending with ~ ない is a verb in its negative form.
In order to create a negative form of u-verbs (consonant-stem verbs) we add ~ ない to a-vowel equivalent of the last letter of the verb.
In order to create a negative form of ru-verbs (vowel – stem verbs) we change final る into ~ ない.
I don’t eat sushi.
する, くる and ある are exceptions:
する → しない
くる→ こない
ある → ない
~ ねえ
~ ねえ or ~ ねぇ is a very colloquial form of ない . This way of speaking is used mostly by men.
I don’t eat sushi.
お
You’re not my friends.
44. Negation of adjectives (simple form)
Negation of adjectives
na-adjectives: な → ではない
i-adjectives: い → くない
かわいい (cute) → かわいくない (not cute)
この
This city is not pretty
45. Phrase + ほど
ほど – degree, extend
phrase + ほど - to the extend that
I am not that stupid to argue with him.
46. わけではない
~ わけではない
~ わけではない roughly can be translated as “is not the case that, I don’t mean that”.
It does not mean that we failed.
47. わけにはいかない
~ わけに(は / も)いかない
~ わけに(は)いかない roughly can be translated as “such option is not possible”.
verb in simple form + わけにはいかない
“cannot afford”, “must not” (doing that is not possible)
ちっと
I have a sligh fewer but since I have an exam tomorrow, I cannot stay at home tomorrow.
negation of verb in simple form + わけにはいかない
“must do” (not doing that is not possible)
パソコンは
Computer is expensive but I need it so I must buy it (literally: not buying is not an option).
48. Nがある、Nがいる
N+ がいる
“N+ がいる” means to have something, to possess, (used for things which are alive)
I have a cat.
あそこは
There is a cat over there.
N+ がある
N+ がある means to have something, to possess, (used for things which are not alive), to happen/take place
There is a test tomorrow.
49. てしまう
~ てしまう
~ て form + ~ しまう structure is used to indicate that something happened by accident (undesirable effect) or was done till the end.
I ate all the sweets.
I lost my wallet.
50. んです、のです – reason
~ (な)のです / ~ (な)んです
~ のです or ~ んです indicates an explanation and / or emphasis.
A. どうしたんですか。
What happened? Your eyes are red.
B.
I have an exam tomorrow. I am studying hard.
When it follows noun or na-adjective, な comes in between.
きれいな → きれいです→ きれいなんです
51. N + のこと
N + のこと
N + のこと encompasses more of a subject.
Have you heard about the earthquake (not only about the earthquake, but also the number of victims, etc).
At the same time のこと can indicate that the person is the object of action or emotion.
あなたのことが
I love you (I love all the things about you).
52. Clothes
In Japanese we use several different verbs depending on what kind of clothing, accessories, etc. we are trying on or wearing:
かぶる – to wear something on the head (hats etc.)
かける – glasses
する – accessories and makeup
つける- perfumes
In order to explain what kind of clothing does a person wear, we use verbs in the ~ て + いる construction.
この
This woman wears a big hat. (lit. This woman put on a big hat and is still wearing it.)
53. かもしれない
~ かもしれない
~ かもしれない / ~ かもしれません is attached to the end of the clause and expresses some degree of uncertainty (50% of certainty).
verb in simple form + かもしれない / かもしれません
It might snow tomorrow.
54. Adverb
Adverb
In Japanese in order to create an adverb from i-adjective we need to change い of an adjective into く.
いい → よく – good, well
よく
You remember well!
55. ~ なければなりません
~ なければなりません
なければなりません means “must do”.
I have a test tomorrow so I must study.
In order to create なけれべなりません form we need to change a verb into negative form, remove い and add ければならなりません.
56. ~ ねばらない
~ ねばらない form means ”have to”, ”must do”
I have to go.
57. ~ と + だめ/いけない/ならない
~ ない と (だめ/いけない)
Verb in negative simple form + と (いけない) structure is used to imply that there is a need to do something (“must do”)
I must study.
I must study (literally: if I don’t study…)
58. て form + はいけない
ちゃいけない is a colloquial form of てはいけない
て form + はいけない
て form + はいけないconstruction means “must not”. It is being used for bans and prohibitions.
You must not smoke in the train.
59. Verb + こと
Verb +こと
こと that follows a verb is a nominalizer – it allows the use of a verb (or an adjective) as a noun in the sentence.
I am studying Japanese.
I like studying Japanese.
60. として(の)
~ として(の)
として(の) means “as (role of)”, “from the point of view”.
として + verb
I am working as a translator.
としての + noun
I have experience as a translator.
61. ~ らしい
~ らしい
~ らしい indicates that we are talking about things we just heard about and we are not sure if they are true. It can be be translated as “seems to be”.
It seems that he is happy.
It seems like mr Tanaka will not come today.
62 ~ よう
~ よう
~ よう can be translated as “seems to be”. This form indicates that we are talking about things that we have seen by ourselves.
It seems that he got sick (for example when we see a person sneezing).
63. ~ そう
Verb-casual + そうだ
Noun + だそうだ
いadj + そうだ
なadj + だそうだ
~ そうだ roughly can be translated as “it seems to me”, “I heard that”. We use it when we are guessing what something is like on the basis of our impressions.
I heard that Tanaka got married.
64. N (smell, sound, taste) + がする
(smell, sound, taste) + がする
We use N + がする construction when we talk about smell, sound or taste.
この
This food smells nice.
このサンドイッチは
This sandwich has a strange taste.
65. ~ N + が
~ N + が
N + が
I like cats.
66. ~ たち
~ たち
~
We are studying hard.
67. Verb stem + ながら
Verb stem + ながら
Verb stem + ながら construction means “to do something while doing something else”
I’m listening to music when I am jogging.
68. ~ ながらも
~ ながらも means “although”, “though”, “but”, “despite”.
Verb-stem + ながら(も)
Verb-てform + いながら(も)
Noun + ながら(も)
Adjective + ながら(も)
Although teacher is strict, he is kind.
He is a child, but very intelligent
69. verb + ずに
Verb + ずに
verb + ずに construction means “without doing”.
This form is created by removing ない from negative form of the verb and adding ずに.
ドアに
I left my house without locking the door.
する is an exception (it becomes せず)
70.~ まま
~ まま
~ まま means “as it is”, “in that way”
Noun + のまま
Verb-casual, past + まま
Verb-ないform + まま
なadj + なまま
I cannot sleep with lights on.
71. やりもらい
~ て form + あげる
~ てあげる/ やる / くれる /もらう describe giving and receiving services.
~ て form + やる is used when we do something for others or somebody else does something for somebody else. It is a colloquial form (less formal than てあげる)
I will borrow money to my younger brother.
My younger brother bought alcohol to my younger sister.
~ て form + くれる is used when somebody does something for us (somebody does something for me, you do something for me, somebody does something for you)
My older brother borrowed me money.
72. Verb + に
Verb + に
verb stem + に
レストランに
To go to eat in the restaurant.
プールに
To go to swim in the swimming pool.
73. Verb + に
Verb + に
Verb stem + に
あなたを
I came to see you.
74. ~ かしら
Phrase + かしら
Phrase + かしら means “I wonder”. This way of speaking is used by women.
I wonder if he will pass…
75. ができる
N + が/は できる
V + こと + が/は できる
V + する こと が できる / N + が できる means “to be able to do, can”.
I can speak Japanese.
76. とうり
Noun / Verb + とうり / どうり
Noun / Verb + とうり structure means “same as…”, “in the way that…”
Just as I thought, this two became a couple.
77. そうにない
Verb stem + そうにない
Verb stem + そうにない means “it is very unlikely that”, “there is no big chance”…
まだしなければならないことがたくさんあるから、
I still have a lot of things to do so I don’t think I can finish today.
78. Verb stem + 続ける
Verb stem +
Stem of a verb +
79. N + で
N + で
N + で
It is good it is was a boy/ I’m glad it was a boy.
80. ~
~
~
お
You’re not my friends.
81. のことだから
N + のことだから
N + のことだから means “exactly because” and is usually used when we talk about characteristics of somebody.
あなたのことだからきっとその
Since it is you/knowing you, you will surely pass that exam
82. Past tense in simple form + ところ
Past tense in simple form + ところ
Past tense in simple form + ところ means “was just doing” / “just finished doing something”
He have just came back home.
83. Past tense in simple form + ところで
past tense in simple form + ところで
Past tense of a verb in simple form + ところ + particle で indicates shift from one activity to another activity or one topic to another topic. It can roughly be translated as “just when”, “at the moment when”, “then it happened that”.
He came inside exactly when we have finished eating.
Just when I wrote the last sentence of an essay, computer got broken and I lost all of the data.
84. べき
Verb in simple form + べき
Verb in simple form + べき construction means “must do”,”should do”.
する is an exception (する → すべき/するべき)
すぐに
I should go back soon.
85. ~
Verb +
Verb +
When I was a child I was playing outside every day.
ジョギングをしていた
I lost the keys when I was jogging.
86. 何も誰も
も with question words
どこ – where?
どこにも – no where
87. 何でも誰でも
どちらでも – any way
でも with question words
Combination of particles で and も with question words indicates “any”.
いつでも – any time
88. どこか誰か
どこか – somewhere
particle か with question words
Particle か after question word means “some- (body, where, etc)”.
いつか
I will go to Japan someday.
Did you remember something?
Did somebody go with you?
か with question words indicates “some”.
どこ – where
どこか – somewhere
いつ – when
いつか – sometime, someday, one day
89. ~てさせていただきます
~て form of causative (させる)+ いただきます is a very polite structure which can be translated as “I have the privilege of doing…”, “let me….”.
すぐに
I will reply soon.
(Please) let me introduce myself.
132。 ~て form + くる
~て form + くる can mean “to become”, “to come to” or “to continue”.
Child spilled juice on the floor again.
そのプロジェクトは
This project is taking shape.
~て form + くる is used to indicate that a person does something and comes back.
I have gone to see Meiji Shrine (I went to see it and came here).
I prepared sushi (and came here).
90. ~ていく
~て form + いく means “to start doing something” or “to continue doing something”.
だんだん
It is becoming colder and colder every day.
91. N +
N +
N +
92. N +
N +
N +
93. N + だらけ
N + だらけ
N + だらけ construction means “full of”, “covered with”.
My room is filled with rubbish.
94. お + stem + する
お + stem of a verb + する
お + stem of a verb + する is very polite, humble way of speaking
to ask
I have something to ask you about
お + verb stem + します
お + verb stem + します
お + verb stem + します grammatical construction is being used in polite language. It can be translated as “I humbly….”
お
お
95. ~ て form + よかった
~ て form + よかった means “it was good that…”, “I’m glad that…”.
あなたはそこにいてよかった。
I’m glad you was there.
96. Verb / N + だけ+で
Verb/N + だけ+で
Verb / N + だけ+で means “just by”, “just by doing”
I want to travel just with you.
97. ~ のは
~ のは
~ のは has the same meaning as ~ ことは
I like studying Japanese
98. ~ て form + ある
~ て form + ある
~ て form + ある indicates a situation that has been brought about on purpose by somebody (something has been done).
I have a reservation for one night. (I made a reservation so the place is booked for me right now.)
Documents have been printed. (Somebody printed the documents so other people can take a look at them now.)
99. ~ ことがある
~ ことがある
Verb (short form, past tense, affirmative) + ことがある indicates that person did something or something has happened in the past.
Have you ever been to Japan?
いいえ、
No, I’ve never been to Japan.
100.~ より
~ より
~ より can be translated as ”than” and is being used for comparisons.
My younger sister is shorter than me.
アイスクリームよりチョコレートの
I like chocolate more than ice cream.
101. Qualifying nouns with verbs and adjectives
Qualifying nouns with verbs and adjectives
Short forms of verbs can be used to qualify nouns (in the same way as adjectives).
I like people who follow their dreams.
102. number + counter + に + number + 回/度
number + counter + に + number +
103. ~ ため
~ ため
ため indicates a reason, effect or consequence.
I was sleeping whole day at home because I got sick.
104. ~ たり
~ たり
~ たり~ たり (+ する) roughly can be translated as “(doing) such things like”….
past tense in simple form + り (+する)
When everybody is busy, sometimes I’m coming to the cinema by myself.
Today I was busy whole day cleaning and preparing for the travel.
Verb-casual, past + り ~ verb-casual, past + り + する
Noun + だったり ~ Noun + だったり
いadj(-い) + かったり ~ いadj(-い) + かったり
なadj + だったり ~ なadj + だったり
105. さ form
さ form of i-adjectives
~ さ-form allows to change an i-adjective into a noun.
To create sa – form you need to change final い into さ.
106. ~ な suggestion
Verb stem + な
~ な is a suffix that you attach to the stem of a verb to indicate an advice, suggestion.
stem of a verb + な (often followed with particle よ)
Do your homework…
107 ~ やら
やら…. やら
やら can be translated as “such things as… “, A, B and so on…”…
adjective + やら + adjective
I was both sad and happy. I had complex feelings.
Verb-dictionary form + やら + Verb-dictionary form + やら
Noun + やら + Noun
いadj + やら + いadj
108. にくい
Verb stem + にくい
Stem of a verb + にくい grammatical instruction indicates that something is difficult to do.
Kanji are difficult to remember.
109. なんて
なんて roughly can be translated as “how”, “what a…!!!”. It indicates emotions like surprise, anger or shock.
110. ~ すぎる
~ すぎる attached to the word means “too much”.
Verb stem + すぎる
いadjective (remove い) + すぎる
なadjective + すぎる
N + すぎる
ドーナツを
I ate too much donuts and my stomach hurts.
これは
This is too expensive. Let’s take a cheaper one.
111. N + に
N + に
“に
People are responsible for their own children.
In this kind of sentences very often “
Well informed about maths.
Sensitive to smell.
112.
It indicates that it we do not know exact amount but this is not a big number.
There are some students outside.
There are few beers (in cans) in the fridge.
113. ~
~
1
1
私はきのう二時間勉強していました。
I was studying for 2 hours yesterday.
114. ~がる
~がる is being used for making observations about how other person is feeling. It can be used only with adjectives.
Cat was (acting) scared when it heard the thunder.
115. ておく
~て form + おく
~て form + おく is used to indicate, that something was made in advance (as preparation for something).
I plan to learn Japanese before I come to Japan.
その
I will take a look at this documents later, so put them here please.
116. Stem of a verb at the end of a sentence
Stem of a verb at the end of a sentence indicates, that the person intends to continue.
Similarly to ~て form, stem of a verb indicates a sequence of event.
ゴミが
Garbage got scattered around and the room got dirty so I need to clean it.
ゴミが
Garbage got scattered around and the room got dirty so I need to clean it.
117. である
~ である
~ である has the same meaning as ~ だ, however it sounds more formal. ~ であるor ~ でありますare often being used for example in newspapers, articles or reports.
それは、
That is because human beings are mammals.
118. あり・なし
For example:
119. N + みたい
N + みたい
みたい attached to a noun means “just like”, “similar to”.
このはおかしはみたいなお
This sweets tastes like a green tea.
120. Verb + みたい
~ みたい
~ みたい roughly can be translated as “looks like”, “seems that”. It indicates that a speaker is talking about things that he didn’t see or experience by himself.
Mr Tanaka didn’t come to work today. It seems that he caught a cold.
121. Quantity question word + も + verb
Quantity question word + も + verb
Quantity question word + も + verb gramattical construction indicates a long time or a big number of something.
I have been studying hard for many months.
122. N +
N +
N + suffix
123. ~ く instead od ~ くて
Changing the final i of an i-adjective has similar meaning to ~て form. It can be translated as “moreover”, “and also”…
She is cute and has good character.
She is cute. Moreover, she has good character.
124. ~ っぽい
~ N + っぽい
Suffix ~ っぽい can be translated as “- like”, “- ish”. Gramatically words ending with ~ っぽい works like i-adjectives.
125. ~ ってば / ~ てば
~ ってば / ~ てば
~ ってば or ~ てば attached to the end of a sentence indicates that the speaker is annoyed or close with a person he / she is talking with. Roughly it can be translated as “I told you so”.
i-adjective, verb + ってば
noun/na- adjective + だってば
ほんとだってば….
I am telling you it is truth … she is often cheating!
126. ~ わけだ
~ わけだ
~ わけだ roughly can be translated as “for that reason”, “as sb would expect”, “no wonder”.
127. ~ わけだから
~ わけだから
~ わけだから is used to emphasise, that the fact is obvious. It roughly can be translated as “for that reason”, “as sb would expect”, “no wonder”.
A わけだから B
He he lived few years in Japan so it is obvious that he can speak Japanese.
He is very handsome so obviously he is popular among girls.